What is the difference between a treaty and an executive agreement?

The distinction between a treaty and an executive agreement primarily lies in the Senate's role in their adoption. A treaty is a formal agreement between countries that requires ratification by two-thirds of the Senate before it becomes legally binding. This process ensures that treaties undergo scrutiny and debate in the legislative branch, reflecting the checks and balances inherent in the U.S. government.

In contrast, an executive agreement is made by the President and does not require Senate approval. These agreements are often used for less formal arrangements and can be established more quickly than treaties. They still hold legal weight and can govern issues like trade or military cooperation, but the lack of required legislative approval means they can be enacted without the same level of oversight.

Thus, the core difference lies in the requirement for Senate ratification, with treaties needing it and executive agreements not needing it.