What factor has NOT contributed to an increase in presidential power since 1945?

The correct response identifies a factor that has not contributed to an increase in presidential power since 1945. Legislation allowing the President to impound funds appropriated by Congress is not a significant contributor to presidential power in the same way that the other factors are.

After World War II, the Cold War created a climate of tension that expanded the powers of the presidency, as rapid decision-making and strong leadership were essential for national security and foreign policy. This resulted in a greater reliance on presidential power to respond to international threats.

Similarly, the increasing involvement of the U.S. in international affairs required a more decisive executive branch, thus enhancing presidential authority. The need to address domestic issues also grew, leading to higher public expectations for government services, which pushed presidents to take more active roles in policymaking.

In contrast, the legislative power to impound funds, while it might allow some flexibility in fiscal matters, does not fundamentally alter the balance of power between Congress and the presidency. This aspect does not reflect a broader trend of increased presidential power relative to the other options presented.