What does the term "executive agreement" refer to?

The term "executive agreement" refers to an international agreement made by the President without the need for Senate ratification. This means that the President can engage in agreements with other countries that do not require formal approval by the Senate, allowing for more flexibility and quicker action in foreign policy matters. Executive agreements have been used to address a wide array of international issues, from trade agreements to military arrangements.

In contrast, the other choices represent different legal processes related to the power of the President. A treaty requires a two-thirds vote in the Senate for ratification, ensuring a higher level of consensus. A formal declaration of war is a significant action that typically involves Congress and is governed by the War Powers Resolution, while an agreement between the President and foreign leaders that must be signed by Congress incorrectly describes the nature of executive agreements; such agreements do not require Congress's signature or approval. Thus, understanding the unique role of executive agreements in the context of presidential powers and international relations is crucial.